The Sydney Chapman Endowed Chair in Physical Sciences was created by the Alaska State Legislature in 1983. The purpose was to establish a distinguished position that would help the University of Alaska Fairbanks achieve an international reputation for excellence in teaching and research. The legislature recognized that the distinguished scientists who occupy this chair will attract a nucleus of talented faculty and students and thereby enhance the quality of the teaching and research at UAF. 

Dr. Sydney Chapman (1888-1970), for whom the endowed chair is named, is considered one of the most distinguished geophysicists of the 20th century. He was professor of geophysics and advisory scientific director of UAF's Geophysical Institute from 1951-70. Since its inception, five distinguished scholars have held the title "Chapman Chair". Presently, two distinguished scholars serve as co-chairs: Dr. Eddy Carmack and Dr. David Scholl. Both host a variety of lectures that often include other distinguished scholar at UAF throughout the academic year.