f00_38

Chemistry 451

Lecture #38: Questions and Answers/Review

Final: Monday, Dec. 18, 8:00-10:00 a.m.

Objectives:

Review for final: Focus on past quizzes and exams including pre-test. Where do quiz and exam questions fit into concepts below?

Identify concepts, structures, recurrent themes, patterns in metabolic pathways, contrast between metabolic pathways and signal transduction
Consider course content with reference to list of "Essential Content of Pre-Med Courses in Molecular Biology/Biochemistry"

Essential Content of Pre-Med Courses in Molecular biology/Biochemistry

Molecular Biology:

Know the chemical nature of DNA,RNA, genes and in general how genes are organized to chromosomes.
Understand the nature of eukaryotic DNA replication
Be familiar with transcription of genes and intron splicing
Have an overview of the mechanisms of protein synthesis
Understand principles of recombinant DNA technology (e.g., restriction endonucleases, PCR, southern blots, transformation)

Proteins and Enzymes:

Understand pH, pK_a, and buffers
Understand how proteins fold, and how ligand binding and enzymatic activity depend on 3-D folding
Understand principles of enzyme kinetics (Km, Vmax, competitive inhibition, allostery, and regulation by phosphorylation)
Understand principles of energetics (e.g., free energy change, equilibrium constants, concentration gradients and redox potentials).

Metabolism:

Understand glycolysis, TCA cycle, and how ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation
Be familiar with how fatty acids are oxidized and synthesized
Be familiar with patters of amino acid catabolism and the urea cycle
Understand the nature of phospholipids, lipid bilayers and membranes
Have an overview of nucleotide biosynthesis

Concepts Identified in Class

Hits

Glycolysis

III

Citric Acid Cycle, TCA, Krebs Cycle

IIII

Urea Cycle

I

Gluconeogenesis

III

Pentose phosphate pathway is important for nucleotide biosynthesis

I

Electron Transport chain and Chemoisomotic theory (Electrochemical potential drives ATP synthesis)

II

Transamination vs deamination

II

Cyclic behavior of of the processing of metabolic molecules (urea in urea cycle; acetyl-CoA in Krebs cycle). Spiral shape of fatty acid oxidation (losing 2 C with each twist)

II

Reciprocal regulation (glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis; fatty acid synthesis vs fatty acid oxidation)

I

Creatine is an "energy buffer". Does ingested creatine monohydrate really work?

I

Metabolic flux is regulated by:

Substrate cycling

Allosteric effectors

Covalent modification

Genetic control

III

Compartmentalization (Urea cycle in mitochondrion and cytosol)

II

Interaction between metabolic pathways (eg., krebs, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, urea cycle)

II

Fuel sources for different body tissue (liver, brain, muscle, adipose)

I

Fat has LOTS of energy!

I

High Energy Compounds

I

Competitive Inhibition

I

Allosterism (Hyperbolic vs. Sigmoidal Curve); T to R transitions (eg., hemoglobin)

III

Structure of alpha-helices and beta-sheets - beta sheets are not H₂O soluble!

III

Watson-Crick model of DNA: DNA has a double helix: Base pairing, T-A; G-C; Evidence for model

IIII

Restriction Maps

I

Molecular structure: amino acids and proteins; nucleotides and nucleic acids; sugars and polysaccharides; triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol

I

Concepts Identified in Class	Hits
Glycolysis	III
Citric Acid Cycle, TCA, Krebs Cycle	IIII
Urea Cycle	I
Gluconeogenesis	III
Pentose phosphate pathway is important for nucleotide biosynthesis	I
Electron Transport chain and Chemoisomotic theory (Electrochemical potential drives ATP synthesis)	II
Transamination vs deamination	II
Cyclic behavior of of the processing of metabolic molecules (urea in urea cycle; acetyl-CoA in Krebs cycle). Spiral shape of fatty acid oxidation (losing 2 C with each twist)	II
Reciprocal regulation (glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis; fatty acid synthesis vs fatty acid oxidation)	I
Creatine is an "energy buffer". Does ingested creatine monohydrate really work?	I
Metabolic flux is regulated by: Substrate cycling Allosteric effectors Covalent modification Genetic control	III
Compartmentalization (Urea cycle in mitochondrion and cytosol)	II
Interaction between metabolic pathways (eg., krebs, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, urea cycle)	II
Fuel sources for different body tissue (liver, brain, muscle, adipose)	I
Fat has LOTS of energy!	I
High Energy Compounds	I
Competitive Inhibition	I
Allosterism (Hyperbolic vs. Sigmoidal Curve); T to R transitions (eg., hemoglobin)	III
Structure of alpha-helices and beta-sheets - beta sheets are not H₂O soluble!	III
Watson-Crick model of DNA: DNA has a double helix: Base pairing, T-A; G-C; Evidence for model	IIII
Restriction Maps	I
Molecular structure: amino acids and proteins; nucleotides and nucleic acids; sugars and polysaccharides; triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol	I