Lecture #17: Intro to Metabolism: Overview and Review of Cells

1. Know where the energy cycles take place in a cell.
2. Be able to discuss the concept of compartmentalization.
3. Explain the role of combustion (oxidation) in carbohydrate metabolism. Know that the products of carbohydrate metabolism are CO₂ and H₂O.

What happens when the system fails?

4. Be able to identify all functional groups in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle (also known as the TCA (or tricarboxylic acid) cycle and the Citric Acid cycle.
5. Identify redox reactions in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle. What is oxidized and what is reduced?
6. Know in which parts of the cell glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur.
7. Know that glycolysis converts 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of pyruvate
8. Know that the Kreb’s cycle (alias TCA cycle and citric acid cycle) accepts 2 carbons from acetyl CoA which combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. The Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH₂) that carry e^- to the electron transport chain and regenerates oxaloacetic acid. Each cycle spits out 2 molecules of CO₂.
9. Know that the electron transport chain transfers electrons in a series of redox reactions that produces a separation of charge across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Ultimately the electron transport chain transfers electrons to O₂ which is then reduced to H₂O.
10. Know that oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP from ADP. It is driven by the separation of charge across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
11. Know that near-equilibrium reactions are freely reversible, whereas reactions that function far from equilibrium are irreversible, typically rate limiting and sites of regulatory control.
12. Flux through a pathway is controlled by regulating activities of the enzymes that catalyze the rate-determining steps.
13. Explain and give an example of how allosteric control, covalent modification, sybstrate cycles and genetic control flux through a rate-limiting step.