Read: HIV and AIDS and pg 665-672 AND Handouts (Appendix C: Basic Molecular Biology Concepts and Terminology and Appendix D: Gene Regulation, One Gene, One Protein)

1. HIV and AIDS: Know the processes of HIV attachement, reverse transcription, integration of viral DNA into host DNA, translation of viral proteins, cutting of viral proteins and assembly and budding of new viruses.
2. Genetic Engineering:

Know that inserting a foreign piece of DNA (a gene) into a cell enables the cell to produce the protein coded for by the inserted gene. One gene codes for one protein, but genes can also contain stretches of nucleotides where other molecules bind to "turn on" the gene. These areas are called promoters. In the pGlo lab, arabinose (a sugar) normally turns on the gene that codes for proteins needed to metabolize the sugar. This way the cell makes these proteins only when arabinose is available. Just for fun these genes were removed and replaced with a gene that codes for a protein that fluoresces green under ultraviolet light. This is an example of genetic engineering.

3. Plasmids (circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria) are often used to carry foreign DNA into bacterial cells.
4. Cloning of genes are typically done in bacteria or yeast. The gene is isolated, inserted into a plasmid, carried into the host cell on the plasmid. The transformed cell then makes the foreign protein coded for by the inserted gene.
5. Cloning an organism (mouse, sheep, pig, human etc.) involves somatic nuclear transfer. (All of the nuclear DNA from one individual is transferred to the cell of another individual).