1. Know that lipids are not water soluble
2. Know that adding a base to an acid forms a salt: soaps are salts of fatty acids.
3. Know that essential fatty acids contain more than 1 double bond. Essential fatty acids are not synthesized by the body.
4. Be able to draw structural formulas showing the condensation of glycerol and 3 fatty acids to make a triglyceride AND the hydrolysis of a triglyceride to make 3 fatty acids and glycerol.
5. Know that during digestion triglycerides are hydrolyzed to 2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride (glycerol with 1 fatty acid on it).
6. Know that energy is derived from fats via fatty acid oxidation. 2 carbon units (acetyl CoA) are chopped off a fatty acid each time it goes around the cycle making the process look like a spiral.
7. When glucose is available the 2 carbon units chopped off of the fatty acids are fed into the Kreb’s cycle. {From then on ATP is made the same way as with glucose: Reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH₂) carry e^- to the electron transport chain and ultimately to O₂. The separation of charge across the inner mitochondrial membrane causes H⁺ ions to rush in and drive the synthesis of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)}.
8. Know that during starvation (when glucose is low) the 2 carbon units (acetyl CoA) are converted to ketone bodies (they can’t enter the Kreb’s cycle because they need to combine with oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid is sucked off for the production of glucose for the brain when glucose is low).
9. Acetone (a ketone body) can be tasted and smelled on the breath during starvation (low blood sugar) and diabetes and after drinking ethanol.
10. Know that ketosis is associated with metabolic acidosis.

Review: glycolysis, Kreb's cycle